In the study, scientists analyzed the genetic data of 882 people in Colombia. These people had a mixture of European, Native American and African descent. The research group also investigated how turning on or off certain genes in mice can affect the development of teeth.
The Neanderthal gene variant was observed in participants of European origin
In addition to discovering the relationship between the HS3ST3A1 gene and the size and shape of the teeth, the study showed that the EDAR gene, which was previously associated with the shape of the teeth of the natives of East Asia, also has a special effect on the growth of the crown of the teeth in the native Americans. Another research finding is related to the PITX2 gene, which was previously known as a factor in tooth growth and facial shape. Now, researchers have shown that variants of this gene can regulate the size of molars, their protrusion and even the shape of the jaw.
The teeth of modern humans are noticeably smaller than those of many of our ancient ancestors and relatives. Research shows us how our teeth have evolved over thousands of years and what role environmental and genetic factors have played in this process.
“Teeth provide us with an amazing amount of information about human evolutionary history,” says Dr. Adhikari. “Well-preserved ancient teeth are invaluable to archaeologists and can shed light on important moments such as when humans switched to eating cooked foods and teeth became smaller.”
Dr. Adhikari adds that genetic information about the variation in the size and shape of the teeth of today’s humans is still limited. One of the reasons for this limitation is the difficulties associated with accurate measurement of teeth.
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Recently, scientists have begun to study teeth more closely using advanced technologies such as omics. These technologies enable the examination of extensive biological data, including genetic changes, regulation of gene activity, and protein production.
Studying the history of teeth development not only helps us better understand the changes in the shape and size of teeth over time, but it can also play a role in finding the causes and treating various dental problems. Many such problems have genetic roots.
Ching Li, a geneticist from China’s Fudan University, said: “We hope that our findings will be useful in the medical field as well. If people with certain dental problems can undergo genetic testing, this can help with better diagnosis. “Also, it may one day be possible to correct some dental abnormalities with genetic therapies.”
The findings of the study have been published in the Journal of Cornet Biology.
